Dec 30, 2009

Pierre Menard, Author of the Quixote | Introduction

The Oxford Book of Latin American Essays (1997) calls "Pierre Menard, Author of the Quixote" "the most influential essay ever written in Latin America." Typical of Borges' style, the work does not fall neatly into the genre of narrative story or of essay—it is a fictional essay. Borges wrote it to test his mind after recovering from a head injury that gave him hallucinations and was complicated by a dangerous case of septicemia. In the form of a scholarly article, it tells of one Pierre Menard, a French symbolist recently deceased, who had undertaken the absurd task of rewriting Cervantes' Don Quixote as a product of his own creativity. Menard wanted his version to "coincide with" the original—word for word. The narrator applauds and legitimizes the act as academic heroism. Because of Borges' erudite reputation, the publication of this story sent scholars scrambling to discover the obscure author from Nimes, Pierre Menard. They unearthed a minor essayist, with a forgettable published essay on the psychological analysis of handwriting. The narrator of the Borges story, himself a fussy pedagogue, explains that Menard succeeded in indoctrinating himself so thoroughly in Cervantes' culture, thoughts, and language that the finished portions of his Quixote exactly match the Cervantes text. Furthermore, the narrator calls Menard's achievement "infinitely richer" than that of Cervantes, due to its modern philosophical perspective and the obstacles Menard overcame to produce it. The narrator means that the modern context imbues the same words with different meanings, presaging postmodernism reader-response theories. As Donald Yates points out in his introduction to a collection of Borges' fiction, "Pierre Menard, Author of the Quixote" "quite subtly anticipated critical literary theory that would emerge a quarter of a century later." The story would be included in Ficciones (1944), a widely translated collection and the first Latin American work to achieve international acclaim.

Pierre Menard, Author of the Quixote Summary

The story takes the form of a scholarly article about a recently deceased novelist. The novelist's name, Pierre Menard, does not appear until the third sentence. The narrator of the article establishes credibility by citing literary ladies with unfamiliar names, then presents a catalogue of writings found among Menard's private papers. The narrator asserts that this list is more accurate than one published earlier by a Madame Henri Bachelier in a newspaper with Protestant leanings. The list encompasses an unusually wide range of interests, from love sonnets to Boolean logic. Many are esoteric and strange, such as an invective against the French poet Paul Valery which is really "the exact reverse of Menard's true opinion of Valery," and an article on the elimination of one of the pawns in the game of chess, wherein Menard "proposes, recommends, disputes, and ends by rejecting this innovation." These and other poems and essays represent the "visible" part of Menard' s works.

Now the narrator turns to Menard's crowning achievement, which the narrator deems "subterranean, interminably heroic, and ... inconclusive." The rest of the essay concerns itself with Menard's reauthoring of just over two chapters of Don Quixote. This was the result of a project partially inspired by a theory of "total identification" with an author. Menard undertook "to know Spanish well,... » Complete Pierre Menard, Author of the Quixote Summary