1060

Political Events

France's Henri I dies at Vitry-aux-Loges August 4 at age 52 after a 34-year reign in which he has been plagued by revolts. He is succeeded by his 8-year-old son, who will reign until 1108 as Philippe I.

Sweden's king Emund dies after a 10-year reign and is succeeded by his kinsman Stenkil Ragnvaldsson, who will reign only until 1066.

Hungary's András I is driven from the throne by his brother and dies after a 14-year reign in which he has gained imperial recognition of Hungarian independence. The brother will reign until 1063 as Belá I.

The Seljuk Turkish sultan Tughril Beg crushes the rebellious forces that entered Baghdad 2 years ago, retakes the city, and pacifies Mesopotamia's Arabs, but petty princes in northwestern Persia continue to resist him.

West Africa is conquered from the kingdom of Ghana by Arabs, who are supported by Berbers greedy for the salt mines of Ankar. Founded in the 4th century, the kingdom of Ghana has ruled from near the Atlantic Coast almost to Timbuktu.

Art

Byzantine mosaic: Christ as Ruler of the World at Daphni, Greece.

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