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What is the answer at the level of character-that is, in a psychological or philosophical sense?

Oedipus’s original question, “Who killed Laios?” soon turns into the question “Who am I?” On the level of plot, the answer is “Son of Laios and Iokaste, father’s murderer, mother’s husband.”

I would look at the answer to this question as more of an existential one: all humans must come to terms with their true identity at some point, musn't they? It is the means by which we define our individual presence or "value" if you will, that provides us with a legitimate sense of self-awareness and/or understanding. Oedipus is, at this point in the play, in the early stages of "finding himself" and so he is still somewhat unprepared for the truth of his own participation in the death of Laios, but his psyche must already understand on some level, his culpability, so the psychological aspect has to do with the levels of human self-awareness also; what we consciously know of ourselves versus what we subconsciously know.