Frontmatter
Abbreviations
| abr. | abridged/abridgement |
| adesp. | adespota |
| app. | appendix |
| app. crit. | apparatus criticus |
| b. | born |
| bibliog. | bibliography |
| bk. | book |
| c. | circa |
| cent. | century |
| cm. | centimetre/s |
| comm. | commentary |
| d. | died |
| Dor. | Doric |
| end | at/nr. end |
| ed. | editor, edited by |
| edn. | edition |
| Eng. | English |
| esp. | especially |
| f., ff. | and following |
| fl. | floruit |
| Fr. | French |
| fr. | fragment |
| ft. | foot/feet |
| g. | gram/s |
| Ger. | German |
| Gk. | Greek |
| ha. | hectare/s |
| Hebr. | Hebrew |
| hyp. | hypothesis |
| i.a. | inter alia |
| ibid. | ibidem, in the same work |
| IE | Indo-European |
| in. | inch/es |
| introd. | introduction |
| Ion. | Ionic |
| kg. | kilogram/s |
| km. | kilometre/s |
| lb. | pound/s |
| lit. | literally |
| L. | Linnaeus |
| Lat. | Latin |
| m. | metre/s |
| mi. | mile/s |
| ml. | millilitre/s |
| mod. | modern |
| Mt. | Mount |
| n., nn. | note, notes |
| n.d. | no date |
| no. | number |
| NT | New Testament |
| Ol. | Olympiad |
| OP | Old Persian |
| orig. | original (e.g. Ger./Fr. orig. [edn.]) |
| OT | Old Testament |
| oz. | ounce/s |
| plur. | plural |
| pref. | preface |
| Proc. | Proceedings |
| ps.- | pseudo- |
| pt. | part |
| pub. | published |
| ref. | reference |
| repr. | reprint, reprinted |
| rev. | revised/by |
| schol. | scholiast or scholia |
| ser. | series |
| Skt. | Sanskrit |
| Suppl. | Supplement |
| T | testimonium (i.e. piece of ancient evidence about an author) |
| trans. | translation, translated by |
| yd. | yard |
| Note [--] names of authors or works in square brackets indicate false or doubtful attributions | |
| A small number above the line indicates the number of an edition | |
| AAA | Athens Annals of Archaeology |
| AE | L'Année Épigraphique, published in Revue Archéologique and separately (1888– ) |
| Ael. | Aelianus |
| VH | Varia Historia |
| Aen. | Aeneid |
| Aen. Tact. | Aeneas Tacticus |
| Aesch. | Aeschylus |
| Ag. | Agamemnon |
| Cho. | Choephoroe |
| Eum. | Eumenides |
| Pers. | Persae |
| PV | Prometheus Vinctus |
| Sept. | Septem Contra Thebas |
| Supp. | Supplices |
| Aeschin. | Aeschines |
| In Ctes. | Against Ctesiphon |
| In Tim. | Against Timarchus |
| AJAH | American Journal of Ancient History |
| AJPhil. | American Journal of Philology |
| AK | Antike Kunst |
| Alcm. | Alcman |
| Andoc. | Andocides |
| ANRW | Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt (1972– ) |
| Ant. Class. | L'Antiquité classique |
| Apollod. | Apollodorus mythographus |
| Bibl. | Bibliotheca |
| Epit. | Epitome |
| App. | Appian |
| B Civ. | Bella civilia |
| Pun. | Libykē |
| Syr. | Saunitikē |
| Apul. | Apuleius |
| Apol. | Apologia |
| Met. | Metamorphoses |
| Ap. Rhod. | Apollonius Rhodius |
| Argon. | Argonautica |
| Ar. | Aristophanes |
| Ach. | Acharnenses |
| Av. | Aves |
| Eccl. | Ecclesiazusae |
| Eq. | Equites |
| Lys. | Lysistrata |
| Nub. | Nubes |
| Plut. | Plutus |
| Ran. | Ranae |
| Thesm. | Thesmophoriazusae |
| Vesp. | Vespae |
| Arch. Anz. | Archäologischer Anzeiger in Jahrbuch des [kaiserlichen] deutschen |
| archäologischen Instituts (JDAI) | |
| Arist. | Aristotle |
| [Ath. Pol.] | Athēnaiōn politeia |
| Cael. | De Caelo |
| De an. | De anima |
| Eth. Eud. | Ethica Eudemia |
| Eth. Nic. | Ethica Nicomachea |
| Gen. an. | De generatione animalium |
| Gen. corr. | De generatione et corruptione |
| Hist. an. | Historia animalium |
| [Lin. ins.] | De lineis insecabilibus |
| Metaph. | Metaphysica |
| Mete. | Meteorologica |
| [Oec.] | Oeconomica |
| Part. an. | De partibus animalium |
| Ph. | Physica |
| Poet. | Poetica |
| Pol. | Politica |
| [Pr.] | Problemata |
| Rh. | Rhetorica |
| Top. | Topica |
| Aristid. Or. | Aristides, Orationes |
| Aristox. | Aristoxenus |
| Fr. hist. | Fragmenta historica |
| Arr. | Arrian |
| Anab. | Anabasis |
| ARV2 | J. D. Beazley, Attic Red-Figure Vase-Painters, 2nd edn. (1963) |
| ASAA | Annuario della Scuola archeologica di Atene e delle Missioni italiane in Oriente |
| Asc. | Asconius |
| Mil. | Commentary on Cicero, Pro Milone |
| Ath. | Athenaeus |
| Athenaeum | Athenaeum (Pavia), ns (1923– ) |
| Ath. pol. | Athēnaiōn politeia (Aristotelian); see also Xen. for ‘Old Oligarch’ i.e. Ps.-Xen. Ath. Pol. |
| ATL | B. D. Meritt, H. T. Wade-Gery, and M. F. McGregor, The Athenian Tribute Lists 1–4 (1939–53) |
| August. | Augustine |
| De civ. D. | De civitate Dei |
| Ep. | Epistulae |
| Austin | M. M. Austin, The Hellenistic World from Alexander to the Roman Conquest (1981) |
| Bagnall and Derow | R. S. Bagnall and P. Derow, Greek Historical Documents: The Hellenistic Period (1981) |
| BCH | Bulletin de Correspondance Hellénique |
| BÉ | Bulletin épigraphique, pub. in Revue des études grecques |
| Beazley, ABV | J. D. Beazley, Attic Black-figure Vase Painters (1956) |
| ARV2 | Attic Red-figure Vase Painters, 2nd edn. (1963) |
| BGU | Berliner Griechische Urkunden (Ägyptische Urkunden aus den Kgl. Museen zu Berlin) |
| BHisp. | Bellum Hispaniense |
| BICS | Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies, London |
| Broughton, MRR | T. R. S. Broughton, The Magistrates of the Roman Republic (1951–2); Suppl. (1986: supersedes Suppl. 1960) |
| BSA | Annual of the British School at Athens (1895– ) |
| Budé | Collection des Univ. de France, publiée sous le patronage de l'Assoc. Guillaume Budé |
| Burkert, GR | W. Burkert, trans. J. Raffan, Greek Religion (1985) |
| Burkert, HN | W. Burkert, trans. P. Bing, Homo Necans (1983) |
| Caes. | Caesar |
| B Civ. | Bellum Civile |
| B Gall. | Bellum Gallicum |
| CAH | Cambridge Ancient History, 2nd edn. (1961– ; 1st edn. 1923–39) |
| Callim. | Callimachus |
| Aet. | Aetia |
| Epigr. | Epigrammata |
| Hymn 3 | Hymn to Artemis |
| Hymn 4 | Hymn to Delos |
| Hymn 5 | Hymn to Athena |
| Cato, Agr. | Cato, De agricultura or De re rustica |
| Orig. | Origines |
| Catull. | Catullus |
| CCAG | Catalogus Codicum Astrologorum Graecorum, ed. F. Cumont and others 9 vols. |
| CEG | P. A. Hansen, Carmina Epigraphica Graeca, 2 vols. (1983–9) |
| Celsus, Med. | Celsus, De medicina |
| Charisius, Gramm. | Charisius, Ars grammatica |
| Chiron | Chiron: Mitteilungen de Kommission für alte Geschichte und Epigraphik des deutschen archäologischen Instituts |
| Chron. Pasch. | Chronicon Paschale |
| CIA | Corpus Inscriptionum Atticarum (1825– ) |
| Cic. | Cicero (Marcus Tullius) |
| Acad. post. | Academica posteriora |
| Att. | Epistulae ad Atticum |
| Balb. | Pro Balbo |
| Brut. | Brutus or De Claris Oratoribus |
| Cael. | Pro Caelio |
| Deiot. | Pro rege Deiotaro |
| De or. | De oratore |
| Div. | De divinatione |
| Dom. | De domo sua |
| Fam. | Epistulae ad familiares |
| Fin. | De finibus |
| Flac. | Pro Flacco |
| Font. | Pro Fonteio |
| Har. resp. | De Haruspicum responso |
| Leg. | De legibus |
| Leg. agr. | De lege agraria |
| Mur. | Pro Murena |
| Nat. D. | De natura deorum |
| Off. | De officiis |
| Orat. | Orator ad M. Brutum |
| Planc. | Pro Plancio |
| Q Fr. | Epistulae ad Quintum fratrem |
| Rosc. Am. | Pro Sexto Roscio Amerino |
| Scaur. | Pro Scauro |
| Sest. | Pro Sestio |
| Sull. | Pro Sulla |
| Top. | Topica |
| Tusc. | Tusculanae disputationes |
| Verr. | In Verrem |
| CIJ | Corpus Inscriptionum Iudaicarum, ed. J.-B. Frey (1936–52) |
| CIL | Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum (1863– ) |
| CJ | Classical Journal |
| Clem. Al. | Clemens Alexandrinus |
| Protr. | Protrepticus |
| Strom. | Stromateis |
| Cod. Iust. | Codex Iustinianus |
| Cod. Theod. | Codex Theodosianus |
| Collingwood–Wright, RIB | R. G. Collingwood, R. P. Wright, and others, The Roman Inscriptions of Britain (1965– ) |
| Columella, Rust. | Columella, De re rustica |
| Cook, Zeus | A. B. Cook, Zeus: A Study in Ancient Religion, vol. 1 (1914), 2 (1925), 3 (1940) |
| CPhil. | Classical Philology |
| Courtney, FLP | E. Courtney, The Fragmentary Latin Poets (1993) |
| CQ | Classical Quarterly |
| CR | Classical Review |
| CR Acad. Inscr. | Comptes rendus de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-lettres |
| Cron. Erc. | Bolletino del Centro internazionale per lo studio dei papyri ercolanesi |
| Curt. | Q. Curtius Rufus |
| Davies, APF | J. K. Davies, Athenian Propertied Families 600–300 bc (1971) |
| Davies, EGF | M. Davies, Epicorum Graecorum Fragmenta (1988) |
| PMGF | Poetarum Melicorum Graecorum Fragmenta (1991) |
| DB | Inscription of Darius I at Bisutun |
| Def. tab. Wünsch | R. Wünsch, Defixionum Tabellae (= IG 3/3) (1897) |
| Dem. | Demosthenes |
| De cor. | De corona |
| Epit. | Epitaphius |
| Meid. | Against Meidias |
| Dessau, ILS | H. Dessau, Inscriptiones Latinae Selectae (1892–1916) |
| DFA3 | A. W. Pickard-Cambridge, rev. J. Gould and D. M. Lewis, Dramatic Festivals of Athens, 3rd edn. (1988) |
| Dig. | Digesta |
| Dio Cass. | Dio Cassius |
| Dio Chrys. | Dio Chrysostomus |
| Or. | Orationes |
| Diod. Sic. | Diodorus Siculus |
| Diog. Laert. | Diogenes Laertius |
| Dion. Hal. | Dionysius Halicarnassius |
| Ant. Rom. | Antiquitates Romanae |
| Comp. | De compositione verborum |
| Lys. | De Lysia |
| Pomp. | Epistula ad Pompeium |
| Rhet. | Ars rhetorica |
| DK | H. Diels and W. Kranz, Fragmente der Vorsokratiker, 6th edn. (1952) |
| Donat. | Aelius Donatus |
| Vit. Verg. | Vita Vergilii |
| Dumézil, ARR | G. Dumézil, Archaic Roman Religion (1987; Fr. orig. 1974) |
| EJ | V. Ehrenberg and A. H. M. Jones, Documents Illustrating the Reigns of Augustus and Tiberius, 2nd edn. (1976) |
| Enn. Ann. | Ennius, Annales |
| Epicurus | Epicurus |
| Ep. | Epistulae |
| Ep. Hdt. | Epistula ad Herodotum |
| Ep. Men. | Epistula ad Menoeceum |
| Ep. Pyth. | Epistula ad Pythoclem |
| Sent. Vat. | Vatican Sayings, = Gnomologium Vaticanum |
| RS | Ratae sententiae |
| Eratosth. | Eratosthenes |
| Etym. Magn. | Etymologicum Magnum |
| Eur. | Euripides |
| Alc. | Alcestis |
| Andr. | Andromache |
| Bacch. | Bacchae |
| Cyc. | Cyclops |
| El. | Electra |
| Hec. | Hecuba |
| HF | Hercules furens |
| Hipp. | Hippolytus |
| IA | Iphigenia Aulidensis |
| IT | Iphigenia Taurica |
| Med. | Medea |
| Or. | Orestes |
| Rhes. | Rhesus |
| Supp. | Supplices |
| Euseb. | Eusebius |
| Chron. | Chronica |
| Hist. eccl. | Historia ecclesiastica |
| Praep. evang. | Praeparatio evangelica |
| Vit. Const. | Vita Constantini |
| Eust. | Eustathius |
| Prooem. ad Pind. | Eustathii prooemium commentariorum Pindaricorum, ed. F. W. Schneidewin (1837) |
| Eutocius, In Arch. circ. dim. | Eutocius, In Archimedis circuli dimensionem |
| Farnell, Hero-Cults | L. R. Farnell, Greek Hero-Cults and Ideas of Immortality (1921) |
| Festus, Gloss. Lat. | W. M. Lindsay's second edn. of Festus in his Glossaria Latina, vol. 4 |
| FGrH | F. Jacoby, Fragmente der griechischen Historiker (1923– ) |
| FIRA | see Riccobono, FIRA |
| Firm. Mat. | Firmicus Maternus |
| Err. prof. rel. | De errore profanarum religionum |
| FPG | F. W. A. Mullach, Fragmenta Philosophorum Graecorum (1860–81) |
| Frontin. | Frontinus |
| Str. | Strategemata |
| G&R | Greece and Rome, ns (1954 /5– ) |
| Gai. Inst. | Gaius, Institutiones |
| Gell. | Aulus Gellius |
| NA | Noctes Atticae |
| Gow–Page, GP | A. S. F. Gow and D. L. Page, The Greek Anthology: Garland of Philip and some Contemporary Epigrams, 2 vols. (1968) |
| Gow–Page, HE | A. S. F. Gow and D. L. Page, The Greek Anthology: Hellenistic Epigrams, 2 vols. (1965) |
| Gow–Scholfield | A. S. F. Gow and A. F. Scholfield, Nicander: the Poems and Poetical Fragments (1953) |
| GVI | W. Peek, Griechische Vers-Inschriften 1: Grab-Epigramme (1955) |
| Harp. | Harpocration |
| Harv. Stud. | Harvard Studies in Classical Philology |
| HCT | A. W. Gomme, A. Andrewes, and K. J. Dover, A Historical Commentary on Thucydides, 5 vols. (1945–81) |
| Hdt. | Herodotus |
| Hell. Oxy. | Hellenica Oxyrhynchia |
| Hermog. | Hermogenes |
| Prog. | Progymnasmata |
| Hes. | Hesiod |
| Op. | Opera et Dies |
| Theog. | Theogonia |
| Hippoc. | Hippocrates |
| Aer. | De aera, aquis, locis |
| Mul. | De mulierum affectibus |
| Nat. mul. | De natura muliebri |
| Virg. | De virginibus morbis |
| VM | De vetere medicina |
| Hippol. | Hippolytus |
| Haer. | Refutatio omnium haeresium |
| Hist. | Historia |
| Hom. | Homer |
| Il. | Iliad |
| Od. | Odyssey |
| Hom. Hymn Dem. | Homeric Hymn to Demeter |
| Hor. | Horace |
| Ars P. | Ars poetica |
| Carm. | Carmina or Odes |
| Carm. saec. | Carmen saeculare |
| Epist. | Epistulae |
| Epod. | Epodi |
| Sat. | Satirae or Sermones |
| HR | History of Religions |
| HRRel. | see under Peter |
| Hsch. | Hesychius |
| Hyg. | Hyginus |
| Fab. | Fabulae |
| Hymn. Hom. Ap. | Hymnus Homericus ad Apollinem |
| Hymn. Hom. Cer. | Hymnus Homericus ad Cererem |
| Hymn. Hom. Merc. | Hymnus Homericus ad Mercurium |
| Hyp. | Hyperides |
| Lyc. | For Lycophron |
| Iambl. | Iamblichus |
| VP | Vita Pythagorae |
| IE | Indo-European |
| IG | Inscriptiones Graecae (1873– ) |
| ILabraunda | J. Crampa (ed.), Labraunda Swedish Excavations and Researches 3 (1 and 2): The Greek Inscriptions (1969 and 1972) |
| Il. | Iliad |
| ILLRP | Inscriptiones Latinae Liberae Rei Republicae, ed. A. Degrassi, vol. 12 (1965), 2 (1963) |
| ILS | see Dessau |
| IMagn. | O. Kern (ed.), Die Inschriften von Magnesia am Maeander (1900) |
| IMylasa | W. Blümel, Die Inschriften von Mylasa (2 vols., 1987–8) |
| ISestos | J. Krauss, Die Inschriften von Sestos und der Thrakischen Chersones (1980) |
| Isid. | Isidorus |
| Etym. | Etymologiae |
| Isoc. | Isocrates |
| Bus. | Busiris |
| Antid. | Antidosis |
| Paneg. | Panegyricus |
| IVO | Inschriften von Olympia, ed. W. Dittenberger and K. Purgold (1896) |
| JACT | Joint Association of Classical Teachers |
| JCS | Journal of Classical Studies |
| Jeffery, LSAG | L. Jeffery, Local Scripts of Archaic Greece, 2 nd edn., rev. A. Johnston (1990) |
| Jer. | Jerome |
| Ab Abr. | Ab Abraham, the chronological reckoning from the first year of Abraham followed in Jerome's translation and enlargement of Eusebius' Chronicle |
| De vir. ill. | De viris illustribus |
| JHS | Journal of Hellenic Studies |
| Joseph. | Josephus |
| AJ | Antiquitates Judaicae |
| Ap. | Contra Apionem |
| BJ | Bellum Judaicum |
| JRA | Journal of Roman Archaeology |
| JRS | Journal of Roman Studies |
| Julian. | Julianus imperator |
| Or. | Orationes |
| Just. Epit. | Justinus, Epitome (of Trogus) |
| Juv. | Juvenal |
| KA | see Kassel–Austin |
| Kassel–Austin, PCG | R. Kassel and C. Austin, Poetae Comici Graeci, vol. 1 (1983), 2 (1991) |
| Keil, Gramm. Lat. | H. Keil, Grammatici Latini, 8 vols. (1855–1923; repr. 1961) |
| Kern | O. Kern |
| Orph. frag. | Orphica Fragmenta (1922) |
| Kirk–Raven–Schofield, The Presocratic Philosophers | G. S. Kirk, J. E. Raven, and M. Schofield, The Presocratic Philosophers, 2nd edn. (1983) |
| LGPN 1 | P. M. Fraser and E. Matthews (eds.), A Lexicon of Greek Personal Names 1 (1987) |
| LGPN 2 | M. Osborne and S. Byrne (eds.), A Lexicon of Greek Personal Names 2 (1994) |
| LIMC | Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae (1981– ) |
| Lindsay, Gloss. Lat. | W. M. Lindsay, Glossaria Latina (1930) |
| Livy, Epit. | Livy, Epitomae |
| Per. | Periochae |
| Loeb | Loeb Classical Library |
| [Longinus], Subl. | [Longinus], On the Sublime |
| LP | E. Lobel and D. L. Page, Poetarum Lesbiorum Fragmenta (1955) |
| LSAG | see Jeffery, LSAG |
| LSAM | F. Sokolowski, Lois sacrées de l'Asie Mineure (1955) |
| LSCG | F. Sokolowski, Lois sacrées des cités grecques (1969) |
| LSS | F. Sokolowski, Lois sacrées des cités grecques: Supplément (1962) |
| Luc. | Lucan |
| Lucian | |
| Alex. | Alexander |
| Catapl. | Cataplus |
| Dial. meret. | Dialogi meretricii |
| Hermot. | Hermotimus |
| Hist. conscr. | Quomodo historia conscribenda sit |
| Ind. | Adversus indoctum |
| Macr. | Macrobii |
| Lucil. | Lucilius |
| Lucr. | Lucretius |
| LXX | Septuagint |
| Macrob. | Macrobius |
| Sat. | Saturnalia |
| Malcovati, ORF | H. Malcovati, Oratorum Romanorum Fragmenta (2 nd edn. 1955; 4 th edn. 1967) |
| Marcellin. | Marcellinus |
| Marm. Par. | Marmor Parium (IG 12 (5), 444) |
| Mart. | Martial |
| Spect. | Spectacula |
| Marx | F. Marx, C. Lucilii Carminum Reliquiae (1904–5) |
| M. Aur. Med. | Marcus Aurelius, Meditations |
| MDAI | Mitteilungen des deutschen archäologischen Instituts |
| Men. | Menander |
| Dys. | Dyskolos |
| MH | Museum Helveticum |
| Migne, PG | Migne, Patrologiae Cursus, series Graeca |
| PL | Patrologiae Cursus, series Latina |
| ML | R. Meiggs and D. Lewis, A Selection of Greek Historical Inscriptions to the End of the Fifth Century BC, rev. edn. (1988) |
| Mon. Anc. | Monumentum Ancyranum |
| Muson. | Musonius Rufus |
| M–W | R. Merkelbach and M. L. West, Fragmenta Hesiodea (1967) |
| Nauck | see TGF |
| Nauck/Snell | see TGF |
| Nep. | Nepos |
| Att. | Atticus |
| Nic. | Nicander |
| Alex. | Alexipharmaca |
| Non. | Nonius |
| OGI | Orientis Graeci Inscriptiones Selectae |
| ORF and ORF4 | see Malcovati,ORF |
| Orph. | Orphica |
| frs. | see Kern |
| Ov. | Ovid |
| Am. | Amores |
| Ars am. | Ars amatoria |
| Fast. | Fasti |
| Her. | Heroides |
| Ib. | Ibis |
| Medic. | Medicamina faciei |
| Met. | Metamorphoses |
| Pont. | Epistulae ex Ponto |
| Rem. am. | Remedia amoris |
| Tr. | Tristia |
| Page, FGE | D. L. Page, Further Greek Epigrams (1981) |
| GLP | Greek Literary Papyri (Loeb, 1942) |
| PMG | Poetae Melici Graeci (1962) |
| P. Antinoop. | Antinoopolis Papyri (1950–67) |
| Paus. | Pausanias |
| P Berol. | Berlin Papyri |
| PCG | see Kassel–Austin |
| PColon. | Kölner Papyri (1976– ) |
| PCPS | Proceedings of the Cambridge Philological Society |
| PEleph. | Elephantine Papyri (1907) |
| Peripl. M. Rubr. | Periplus Maris Rubri |
| Peter, HRRel. | H. Peter, Historicorum Romanorum Reliquiae, vol. 12 (1914), 2 (1906) |
| Petron. | Petronius |
| Sat. | Satyrica |
| Pf. | R. Pfeiffer |
| PG | see Migne |
| PGM | K. Preisendanz and others (eds.), Papyri Graecae Magicae: Die griechischen Zauberpapyri, 2 vols., 2 nd edn. (1973–4) |
| Pherec. | Pherecydes |
| Philo | Philo Judaeus |
| CW | Edition of Philo Judaeus by L. Cohn and P. Wendland (1896–1916) |
| Leg. | Legatio ad Gaium |
| Philol. | Philologus |
| Philostr. | Philostratus |
| VA | Vita Apollonii |
| VS | Vitae sophistarum |
| Phot. | Photius |
| Bibl. | Bibliotheca |
| Pind. | Pindar (ed. B. Snell and H. Maehler, 1987–8) |
| Isthm. | Isthmian Odes |
| Nem. | Nemean Odes |
| Ol. | Olympian Odes |
| Pyth. | Pythian Odes |
| PL | see Migne |
| Pl. | Plato |
| Alc. | Alcibiades |
| Ap. | Apologia |
| Chrm. | Charmides |
| Cra. | Cratylus |
| Grg. | Gorgias |
| [Hipparch.] | Hipparchus |
| Hp. mai. | Hippias maior |
| Leg. | Leges |
| Phd. | Phaedo |
| Phdr. | Phaedrus |
| Plt. | Politicus |
| Prt. | Protagoras |
| Resp. | Respublica |
| Symp. | Symposium |
| Soph. | Sophista |
| Tht. | Theaetetus |
| Ti. | Timaeus |
| Plaut. | Plautus |
| Amph. | Amphitruo |
| Mil. | Miles gloriosus |
| Plin. | Pliny (the Elder) |
| HN | Naturalis historia |
| Plin. | Pliny (the Younger) |
| Ep. | Epistulae |
| Pan. | Panegyricus |
| PLM Vollmer/Morel | Poetae Latini Minores ed. Vollmer, 1 (1909) emendavit Morel3 (1935) |
| PLRE | Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire 1, ed. A. H. M. Jones and others (1970); 2 and 3, ed. J. R. Martindale (1980–92) |
| Plut. | Plutarch |
| Mor. | Moralia |
| Amat. | Amatorius |
| De Alex. fort. | De fortuna Alexandri |
| De exil. | De exilio |
| [De mus.] | De musica |
| De Pyth. or. | De Pythiae oraculis |
| Prae. coniug. | Praecepta coniugalia |
| Prae. ger. reip. | Praecepta gerendae reipublicae |
| Vit. | Vitae Parallelae |
| Alex. | Alexander |
| Ant. | Antonius |
| Arat. | Aratus |
| Arist. | Aristides |
| Cat. Mai., Min. | Cato Maior, Minor |
| Cic. | Cicero |
| Cim. | Cimon |
| Cleom. | Cleomenes |
| Crass. | Crassus |
| Eum. | Eumenes |
| Lyc. | Lycurgus |
| Mar. | Marius |
| Nic. | Nicias |
| Num. | Numa |
| Pel. | Pelopidas |
| Per. | Pericles |
| Phil. | Philopoemen |
| Pomp. | Pompeius |
| Rom. | Romulus |
| Sol. | Solon |
| Sull. | Sulla |
| Them. | Themistocles |
| Thes. | Theseus |
| Tim. | Timoleon |
| X orat. | Vitae decem oratorum |
| PMG | see Page, PMG |
| PMGF | see Davies, PMGF |
| PMich. | Michigan Papyri (1931– ) |
| PMur | Discoveries in the Judaean Desert of Jordan, 1–6 (1955–77) |
| Poll. | Pollux |
| Onom. | Onomasticon |
| Polyaenus, Strat. | Polyaenus, Strategemata |
| Polyb. | Polybius |
| Porph. | Porphyry |
| Abst. | De abstinentia |
| De antr. nymph. | De antro nympharum |
| Plot. | Vita Plotini |
| Powell, Coll. Alex. | U. Powell, Collectanea Alexandrina (1925) |
| POxy. | Oxyrhynchus Papyri (1898– ) |
| Prisc. Inst. | Priscian, Institutio de arte grammatica |
| Proc. Brit. Acad. | Proceedings of the British Academy (1903– ) |
| Procop. | Procopius |
| Goth. | De bello Gothico |
| Prudent. | Prudentius |
| C. Symm. | Contra Symmachum |
| Perist. | Peristephanon |
| PSI | Papiri Greci e Latini, Pubblicazioni della Società italiana per la ricerca dei papiri greci e latini in Egitto (1912– ) |
| PTeb. | Tebtunis Papyri (1902–76) |
| Ptol. | Ptolemaeus mathematicus |
| Geog. | Geographia |
| Tetr. | Tetrabiblos |
| PVindob. | Papyrus Vindobonensis |
| PVS | Proceedings of the Vergil Society |
| Quint. | Quintilian |
| Inst. | Institutio oratoria |
| Radke, Götter | G. Radke, Die Götter Altitaliens (1960; 2nd edn. 1979) |
| Radt | see TrGF |
| RE | A. Pauly, G. Wissowa, and W. Kroll, Real-Encyclopädie d. klassischen Altertumswissenschaft (1893– ) |
| Rev. Arch. | Revue archéologique |
| RG | see Mon. Anc. |
| Rh. Mus. | Rheinisches Museum für Philologie (1827– ), ns (1942– ) |
| RIB | see Collingwood–Wright |
| Riccobono, FIRA | S. Riccobono, Fontes Iuris Romani AnteIustiniani (1941) |
| Richardson, Topog. Dict. Ancient Rome | L. Richardson, A New Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome (1992) |
| RK | see Wissowa |
| RRC | M. H. Crawford, Roman Republican Coinage (1974) |
| RSC | Rivista di Studi Classici, Turin |
| Sall. | Sallust |
| Cat. | Bellum Catilinae or De Catilinae coniuratione |
| Hist. | Historiae |
| Iug. | Bellum Iugurthinum |
| schol. | scholiast or scholia |
| Schol. Bern. | Scholia Bernensia ad Vergilii bucolica et georgica, ed. Hagen (1867) |
| Schol. Flor. Callim. | Scholia Florentina in Callimachum |
| SEG | Supplementum Epigraphicum Graecum (1923–) |
| Semon. | Semonides |
| Sen. | Seneca (the Elder) |
| Controv. | Controversiae |
| Suas. | Suasoriae |
| Sen. | Seneca (the Younger) |
| Clem. | De clementia |
| Ep. | Epistulae |
| Q. Nat. | Quaestiones naturales |
| Serv. | Servius |
| Praef. | Praefatio |
| Sext. Emp. | Sextus Empiricus |
| Math. | Adversus Mathematicos |
| Pyr. | Outlines of Pyrrhonism |
| SHA | Scriptores Historiae Augustae |
| Alex. Sev. | Alexander Severus |
| Ant. Pius | Antoninus Pius |
| Hadr. | Hadrian |
| Heliogab. | Heliogabalus |
| M. Ant. | Marcus Aurelius Antoninus (Caracalla) |
| Marc. | Marcus |
| Prob. | Probus |
| Sherk, Augustus | R. E. Sherk, Rome and the Greek East to the Death of Augustus, Translated Documents of Greece and Rome 4 (1984) |
| Sherk, Hadrian | The Roman Empire: Augustus to Hadrian, Translated Documents of Greece and Rome 6 (1988) |
| Simon. | Simonides |
| Simpl. | Simplicius |
| in Phys. | in Aristotelis de Physica Commentarii |
| Smallwood, Docs ….Nerva | E. M. Smallwood, Documents illustrating the Principates of Nerva, Trajan and Hadrian (1966) |
| Docs….Gaius | Documents illustrating the Principates of Gaius, Claudius and Nero (1967) |
| Snell–Maehler | see Pind. |
| Soph. | Sophocles |
| Aj. | Ajax |
| Ant. | Antigone |
| El. | Electra |
| OC | Oedipus Coloneus |
| OT | Oedipus Tyrannus |
| Phil. | Philoctetes |
| Trach. | Trachiniae |
| Sor. Gyn. | Soranus, Gynaeceia |
| Spengel–Hammer | C. Hammer, Rhetores Graeci ex recognitione Leonardi Spengel (1894): 2nd edn. of vol. 1/2 of Spengel, Rhet. |
| Stat. | Statius |
| Achil. | Achilleis |
| Silv. | Silvae |
| Theb. | Thebais |
| Steph. Byz. | Stephanus Byzantius or Byzantinus |
| Stob. | Stobaeus |
| Flor. | Anthologion |
| Suda | Greek lexicon formerly known as Suidas |
| Suet. | Suetonius |
| Aug. | Divus Augustus |
| Calig. | Gaius Caligula |
| Claud. | Divus Claudius |
| Dom. | Domitianus |
| Galb. | Galba |
| Gram. | De grammaticis |
| Illustr. | De viris illustribus |
| Iul. | Divus Iulius |
| Ner. | Nero |
| Poet. | De Poetis |
| Rel. Reiff. | Reliquiae, ed. Reifferscheid |
| Rhet. | De rhetoribus |
| Tib. | Tiberius |
| Tit. | Divus Titus |
| Vesp. | Divus Vespasianus |
| Vit. | Vitellius |
| Vita Hor. | Vita Horatii |
| Suppl. Hell. | H. Lloyd-Jones and P. Parsons (eds.), Supplementum Hellenisticum, Texte und Kommentare no. 11 (1983) |
| Suppl. Mag. | R.W. Daniel and F. Maltomini (eds.), Supplementum Magicum, Papyrologica Coloniensia 16/1–2, 2 vols. (1989–91) |
| SVF | H. von Arnim, Stoicorum Veterum Fragmenta (1903–) |
| Syll.3 | W. Dittenberger, Sylloge Inscriptionum Graecarum, 3 rd edn. (1915–24) |
| Syme | R. Syme |
| RP | Roman Papers, 7 vols. (1979–91) |
| Tac. | Tacitus |
| Agr. | Agricola |
| Ann. | Annales |
| Dial. | Dialogus de oratoribus |
| Germ. | Germania |
| Hist. | Historiae |
| TAPA | Transactions of the American Philological Association |
| Ter. | Terence |
| Ad. | Adelphoe |
| An. | Andria |
| Eun. | Eunuchus |
| Haut. | H(e)autontimorumenos |
| Hec. | Hecyra |
| Phorm. | Phormio |
| Tert. | Tertullian |
| De spect. | De spectaculis |
| TGF | A. Nauck, Tragicorum Graecorum Fragmenta, 2nd edn. (1889); Suppl. by B. Snell (1964) |
| Them. Or. | Themistius, Orationes |
| Theoc. | Theocritus |
| Id. | Idylls |
| Theophr. | Theophrastus |
| Caus. pl. | De causis plantarum |
| Char. | Characteres |
| Hist. pl. | Historia plantarum |
| Theopomp. | Theopompus Historicus |
| Thgn. | Theognis |
| Thuc. | Thucydides |
| Tib. | Tibullus |
| TrGF | B. Snell, R. Kannicht, S. Radt (eds.), Tragicorum Graecorum Fragmenta, 4 vols. (1971–85), vol. 12 (1986) |
| Val. Max. | Valerius Maximus |
| Varro, Ling. | Varro, De lingua Latina |
| Rust. | De re rustica |
| Vell. Pat. | Velleius Paterculus |
| Verg. | Virgil |
| Aen. | Aeneid |
| Catal. | Catalepton |
| Ecl. | Eclogues |
| G. | Georgics |
| Vit. Ar. | Vita Aristophanis, ed. F. Dübner, Scholia Graeca in Aristophanem (1846), Prolegomena 11 |
| Vitr. | Vitruvius |
| De arch. | De architectura |
| W | see West, GLP and IE2 |
| Walbank, HCP | F. W. Walbank, A Historical Commentary on Polybius, 3 vols. (1957–79) |
| West, GLP | M. L. West, Greek Lyric Poetry (1993) |
| IE2 | Iambi et Elegi, 2nd edn. (1989) |
| Wissowa, RK | G. Wissowa, Religion und Kultus d. Römer, 2 nd edn. (1912) |
| Xen. | Xenophon |
| An. | Anabasis |
| Cyn. | Cynegeticus |
| Cyr. | Cyropaedia |
| Hell. | Hellenica |
| Hier. | Hiero |
| Lac. | Respublica Lacedaemoniorum |
| Mem. | Memorabilia |
| Oec. | Oeconomicus |
| Symp. | Symposium |
| Vect. | De vectigalibus |
| XPf | Inscription of Xerxes I at Persepolis (so-called ‘Harem Inscription’) |
| XPh | Inscription of Xerxes I at Persepolis (so-called ‘Daiva Inscription’) |
| YClS | Yale Classical Studies |
| ZPE | Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik |
Preface
This new Oxford Companion to Classical Civilization is an up-to-date and authoritative, but handily sized, encyclopaedia about the civilizations of Greece and Rome and their more or less immediate neighbours. The contributors number just over 300 of the world's most distinguished classical scholars. The aim of the Companion is to make available to an even wider readership the essential material from the very successful third (1996) edition of the Oxford Classical Dictionary (OCD3), but in a cheaper and less weighty format. We have achieved the shorter length by omitting entries which we thought too technical recondite for the readership we envisage, and by removing the specialist bibliographies attached to particular entries, adding instead a select general bibliography at the back of the book. We have not however shortened individual entries in any other way (except that we have retained only the general, introductory section of the long OCD3 entry on ‘music’ the Companion entry thus becomes ‘music in Greek and Roman life’). Readers can therefore be assured that all the expert material from OCD3 included in this Companion is undiluted and unabridged. Naturally, however, it has been edited so as to achieve internal consistency: the copious cross-references which were such a feature of OCD3 have either been adapted so that they refer to material elsewhere in the Companion or replaced by explanations, where the cross-reference was to a technical term which no longer has its own entry.A notable feature of the Companion is its many illustrations, which we hope succeed in adding a further dimension which will interest and stimulate readers to a fuller understanding of life in the ancient world. Here we are indebted to Professor Brian Sparkes, who made the initial selection of pictures and provided a great deal of further help to the picture researcher. Our policy on illustration has been not just to cover archaeological entries (sites, places, and so on) but as far as possible to reflect all the differenct scholarly areas represented in the book, underlining the great breadth of the Companion text and of its parent volume.
At the Press we pay tribute to the enthusiasm and support of the commissioning editor, Michael Cox. We were enormously fortunate in that Pam Coote, in-house editor for OCD3, performed the same job for this volume with her usual diligence, sympathy, and wisdom. We are also grateful for the expertise of, respectively, Tom Chandler (copy-editor), Sandra Assersohn (picture-research), Kim Richardson (maps and chronology), and Leofranc Holford-Strevens (for assistance with the thematic listing of entries).
simon hornblower
antony spawforth
1998