Webb, Frank J. | Copyright Page

ISSN 0732-1864

Volume 143

Nineteenth-Century Literature Criticism

Criticism of the Works of Novelists, Philosophers, and Other Creative Writers Who Died between 1800 and 1899, from the First Published Critical Appraisals to Current Evaluations

Russel Whitaker

Project Editor

Nineteenth-Century Literature Criticism, Vol. 143
Project Editor

Russel Whitaker

Editorial

Jessica Bomarito, Kathy D. Darrow, Jeffrey W. Hunter, Jelena O. Krstovi´c, Michelle Lee, Ellen McGeagh, Joseph Palmisano, Linda Pavlovski, Thomas J. Schoenberg, Lawrence J. Trudeau

Data Capture

Francis Monroe, Gwen Tucker

© 2005 Thomson Gale, a part of The Thomson Corporation. Thomson and Star Logo are trademarks and Gale is a registered trademark used herein under license.

For more information, contact

Thomson Gale 27500 Drake Rd. Farmington Hills, MI 48331-3535 Or you can visit our internet site at http://www.gale.com

ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

No part of this work covered by the copyright herein may be reproduced or used in any form or by any means—graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping, Web distribution, or information storage retrieval systems—without the written permission of the publisher.

Indexing Services

Synapse, the Knowledge Link Corporation

Rights and Acquisitions

Lori Hines, Emma Hull, Shalice Shah-Caldwell

Imaging and Multimedia

Dean Dauphinais, Robert Duncan, Leitha Etheridge-Sims, Lezlie Light, Michael Logusz, Dan Newell, Kelly A. Quin, Denay Wilding

This publication is a creative work fully protected by all applicable copyright laws, as well as by misappropriation, trade secret, unfair competition, and other applicable laws. The authors and editors of this work have added value to the underlying factual material herein through one or more of the following: unique and original selection, coordination, expression, arrangement, and classification of the information.

For permission to use material from the product, submit your request via the Web at http://www.gale-edit.com/permissions, or you may download our Permissions Request form and submit your request by fax or mail to:

Permisssions Department

Thomson Gale 27500 Drake Rd. Farmington Hills, MI 48331-3535 Permissions Hotline: 248-699-8006 or 800-877-4253, ext. 8006 Fax 248-699-8074 or 800-762-4058

Composition and Electronic Capture

Kathy Sauer

Manufacturing

Rhonda Williams

Product Manager

Janet Witalec

Since this page cannot legibly accommodate all copyright notices, the acknowledgments constitute an extension of the copyright notice.

While every effort has been made to secure permission to reprint material and to ensure the reliability of the information presented in this publication, Thomson Gale neither guarantees the accuracy of the data contained herein nor assumes any responsibility for errors, omissions or discrepancies. Thomson Gale accepts no payment for listing; and inclusion in the publication of any organization, agency, institution, publication, service, or individual does not imply endorsement of the editors or publisher. Errors brought to the attention of the publisher and verified to the satisfaction of the publisher will be corrected in future editions.

LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOG CARD NUMBER 84-643008

ISBN 0-7876-6931-8
ISSN 0732-1864

Printed in the United States of America 10987654321

Preface

S
ince its inception in 1981, Nineteeth-Century Literature Criticism (NCLC) has been a valuable resource for students and librarians seeking critical commentary on writers of this transitional period in world history. Designated an “Outstanding Reference Source” by the American Library Association with the publication of is first volume, NCLC has since been purchased by over 6,000 school, public, and university libraries. The series has covered more than 450 authors representing 33 nationalities and over 17,000 titles. No other reference source has surveyed the critical reaction to nineteenth-century authors and literature as thoroughly as NCLC.

Scope of the Series

NCLC is designed to introduce students and advanced readers to the authors of the nineteenth century and to the most significant interpretations of these authors’ works. The great poets, novelists, short story writers, playwrights, and philosophers of this period are frequently studied in high school and college literature courses. By organizing and reprinting commentary written on these authors, NCLC helps students develop valuable insight into literary history, promotes a better understanding of the texts, and sparks ideas for papers and assignments. Each entry in NCLC presents a comprehensive survey of an author’s career or an individual work of literature and provides the user with a multiplicity of interpretations and assessments. Such variety allows students to pursue their own interests; furthermore, it fosters an awareness that literature is dynamic and responsive to many different opinions.

Every fourth volume of NCLC is devoted to literary topics that cannot be covered under the author approach used in the rest of the series. Such topics include literary movements, prominent themes in nineteenth-century literature, literary reaction to political and historical events, significant eras in literary history, prominent literary anniversaries, and the literatures of cultures that are often overlooked by English-speaking readers.

NCLC continues the survey of criticism of world literature begun by Thomson Gale’s Contemporary Literary Criticism (CLC) and Twentieth-Century Literary Criticism (TCLC).

Organization of the Book

An NCLC entry consists of the following elements:

  • © The Author Heading cites the name under which the author most commonly wrote, followed by birth and death dates. Also located here are any name variations under which an author wrote, including transliterated forms for authors whose native languages use nonroman alphabets. If the author wrote consistently under a pseudonym, the pseudonym will be listed in the author heading and the author’s actual name given in parenthesis on the first line of the biographical and critical information. Uncertain birth or death dates are indicated by question marks. Singlework entries are preceded by a heading that consists of the most common form of the title in English translation (if applicable) and the original date of composition.
  • © The Introduction contains background information that introduces the reader to the author, work, or topic that is the subject of the entry.
  • © A Portrait of the Author is included when available.
  • © The list of Principal Works is ordered chronologically by date of first publication and lists the most important works by the author. The genre and publication date of each work is given. In the case of foreign authors whose works have been translated into English, the list will focus primarily on twentieth-century translations, selecting
  • vii

    by R. Larry Todd. Princeton University Press, 1994. Copyright © 1994 by Princeton University Press. All rights reserved. Reproduced by permission of Princeton University Press.—Daverio, John. From “Music Criticism in a New Key,” in Robert Schumann: Herald of a New Poetic Age. Oxford University Press, 1997. Copyright © 1997 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Used by permission of Oxford University Press, Inc.—Hanham, Harry. From the Introduction in Hugh Miller’s Memoir: From Stonemason to Geologist. Edited by Michael Shortland. Edinburgh University Press, 1995. Copyright © 1995 Michael Shortland, 1995. Reproduced by permission of the publisher at www.eup.ed.ac.uk.—Hunt, Leigh. From “Leigh Hunt, Review, The Indicator,”in Shelley: The Critical Heritage. Edited by James E. Barcus. Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1975. Copyright © 1975 by James E. Barcus. Reproduced by permission of the publisher.—Jensen, Eric Frederick. From “Schumann and Literature,” in Schumann. Edited by Stanley Sadie. Copyright © 2001 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Used by permission of Oxford University Press, Inc.—Merrill, Lynn L. From “Hugh Miller and Evocative Geology,” in The Romance of Victorian Natural History. Oxford University Press, 1989. Copyright © 1989 by Oxford University Press, Inc. All rights reserved. Used by permission of Oxford University Press, Inc.—Paradis, James G. From “The Natural Historian as Antiquary of the World: Hugh Miller and the Rise of Literary Natural History,” in Hugh Miller and the Controversies of Victorian Science. Edited by Michael Shortland. Oxford at the Clarendon Press, 1996. Reproduced by permission of Oxford University Press.—Plantinga, Leon B. From “Introduction,” “Schumann’s Style of Criticism,” and “Schumann’s Aesthetics of Music,” in Schumann as Critic. Edited by William G. Waite. Yale University Press, 1967. Reproduced by permission.—Reid-Pharr, Robert. From “Clean House, Peculiar People,” in Conjugal Union: The Body, The House and the Black American. Oxford University Press, 1999. Copyright © 1999 Oxford University Press, Inc. Used by permission of Oxford University Press, Inc.—Reid-Pharr, Robert. From the Introduction in The Garies and Their Friends. The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997. Introduction © 1997 The Johns Hopkins University Press. All rights reserved. Reproduced by permission of The Johns Hopkins University Press.—Rosie, George. From Hugh Miller: A Biography And Selected Writings. Mainstream Publishing, 1981. Biography © George Rosie. All rights reserved. Reproduced by permission of the author.

    PHOTOGRAPHS AND ILLUSTRATIONS APPEARING IN NCLC, VOLUME 143, WERE RECEIVED FROM THE FOLLOWING SOURCES:

    Miller, Hugh, photograph. Copyright © Hulton-Deutsch Collection/Corbis.—Music stanzas from Robert Schumann’s Impromptus, illustration. Used by permission of Oxford University Press.—Parallel comparison of two compositions by Percy Bysshe Shelley, illustration. Used by permission of the Keats-Shelley Journal.—Schumann, Robert, photograph. Copyright

    © Archive Photos, 530 West 25th Street, New York, NY 10001.—Shelley, Percy Bysshe, photograph. Time Life Pictures/ Getty Images.—Title page of the opera Papillons, by Robert A. Schumann, illustration. Copyright © Archivo Iconografico, S.A./Corbis.

    Thomson Gale Literature Product Advisory Board

    The members of the Thomson Gale Literature Product Advisory Board—reference librarians from public and academic library systems—represent a cross-section of our customer base and offer a variety of informed perspectives on both the presentation and content of our literature products. Advisory board members assess and define such quality issues as the relevance, currency, and usefulness of the author coverage, critical content, and literary topics included in our series; evaluate the layout, presentation, and general quality of our printed volumes; provide feedback on the criteria used for selecting authors and topics covered in our series; provide suggestions for potential enhancements to our series; identify any gaps in our coverage of authors or literary topics, recommending authors or topics for inclusion; analyze the appropriateness of our content and presentation for various user audiences, such as high school students, undergraduates, graduate students, librarians, and educators; and offer feedback on any proposed changes/enhancements to our series. We wish to thank the following advisors for their advice throughout the year.

    Barbara M. Bibel

    Librarian Oakland Public Library Oakland, California

    Dr. Toby Burrows

    Principal Librarian The Scholars’ Centre University of Western Australia Library Nedlands, Western Australia

    Celia C. Daniel

    Associate Librarian, Reference Howard University Washington, D.C.

    David M. Durant

    Reference Librarian Joyner Library East Carolina University Greenville, North Carolina

    Nancy Guidry

    Librarian Bakersfield Community College Bakersfield, California

    Steven R. Harris

    English Literature Librarian University of Tennessee Knoxville, Tennessee

    Mary Jane Marden

    Collection Development Librarian St. Petersburg College Pinellas Park, Florida

    Heather Martin

    Arts & Humanities Librarian University of Alabama, Sterne Library Birmingham, Alabama

    Susan Mikula

    Director Indiana Free Library Indiana, Pennsylvania

    Thomas Nixon

    Humanities Reference Librarian University of North Carolina, Davis Library Chapel Hill, North Carolina

    Mark Schumacher

    Jackson Library University of North Carolina Greensboro, North Carolina

    Gwen Scott-Miller

    Assistant Director Sno-Isle Regional Library System Marysville, Washington

    Donald Welsh

    Head, Reference Services College of William and Mary, Swem Library Williamsburg, Virginia

    Lookup any word on eNotes with our dictionary. Highlight the word and press SHIFT + D for a definition, or SHIFT + T for a synonym.