The Eleventh Century
- Europe on the eve of the Crusades
- Words to Know: The Eleventh Century
- Chickens, Churches, and Normans
- The recovery of the church
- Transubstantiation: Body and Blood
- The First Crusade (1095–99)
- Punishment, Prison, and Pilgrimage
- For More Information
Acentral theme of the eleventh century (the 1000s) in Europe was the struggle between church and state, or between popes and kings. From the mid-800s to the early eleventh century, a series of corrupt popes succeeded in nearly destroying the reputation of the papacy, just as emperors such as Otto the Great...
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