At the inauguration of President John F. Kennedy, Robert Frost, half-blinded by the glare of sunlight and snow, reads a portion of his poem “Dedication” and then recites his poem “The Gift Outright”
Syria withdraws from the United Arab Republic
American and South Vietnamese troops engage the Communist North Vietnamese and indigent Viet Cong in the second war in Vietnam
Algeria gains independence from France
Anti-Castro Cubans fail to regain Cuba in the Bay of Pigs invasion
East Germans and Soviets construct the Berlin Wall
Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin becomes the first man to travel by rocket to outer space
Frank Loesser and Abe Burrows’s musical How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying is first performed (October 14)
Evelyn Waugh publishes “An Act of Homage and Reparation to P. G. Wodehouse”—perhaps the single-most influential plea for restoring Wodehouse’s reputation among the English—in the London Sunday Times(July 16)