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What was the London Protocol?

The London Protocol was a decree (official order), issued in 1830, that recognized Greece as an independent nation. It was signed after the eight-year Greek War for Independence (1821–29). The London Protocol officially ended Ottoman-Turkish rule of Greece, which had begun almost four hundred years earlier.

In 1453 the Ottoman Turks conquered Constantinople (present-day Istanbul, Turkey). Next, they moved westward to secure the Greek peninsula. By 1456 most of Greece had been absorbed into the Ottoman Empire. In 1770 the Greeks tried to overthrow the Turks, receiving aid from Russian czarina Catherine the Great (1729–1796). Her goal was to replace Muslim (Islamic) rule with Orthodox Christian (a branch of the Catholic Church) rule throughout the Near East. But the effort failed; fifty years later the Greeks would rise again to assert their claim for independence. On March 25, 1821, the...

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