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When was the first test-tube baby born?

Louise Brown, the first test-tube baby, was born on July 25, 1978, in Bristol, England. Four years later, Elizabeth Carr became America's first test-tube baby. Their births were made possible by in vitro fertilization (IVF), which involves retrieving an egg from the mother and sperm from the father. The egg and sperm are combined in a petri dish (a small covered dish made of glass or plastic) or test tube for fertilization. Then the fertilized egg is implanted into the mother's uterus and grows there until the baby is ready to be born. This process gave many people who were unable to conceive naturally a chance to have children, and many successful births resulted. Yet the rate of fertilization was often low, so researchers developed new and controversial ways to complete fertilization. As Louise Brown and her parents celebrated her twentieth birthday in 1998, news stories...

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1. Origins
   1. How did early humans cure illness and disease?
   2. Who was the first doctor in history?
   3. What is the Hippocratic Oath?
   4. What are the four humors?
   5. When did biological warfare originate?
   6. Were there hospitals before the Middle Ages?
   7. When was the first North American hospital built?
   8. What advances were made in medicine during the Renaissance?
   9. How old is the concept of public health?
   10. What is Gray's Anatomy?
2. Modern Medicine
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   2. Who invented vaccination?
   3. When did modern surgery begin?
   4. When was anesthesia first used?
   5. What surgical advances were introduced in the late twentieth century?
   6. Who introduced the use of antiseptics in hospitals?
   7. What are Louis Pasteur's contributions to the study of disease?
   8. When were antibiotics invented?
   9. Why are new antibiotics constantly being developed?
   10. Why is Florence Nightingale famous?
   11. When was the International Red Cross founded?
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   13. Who was Clara Barton?
   14. What were the Curies' contributions to medicine?
   15. How did Jonas Salk and Albert B. Sabin save lives?
   16. When did the first heart transplant take place?
   17. When was the first test-tube baby born?
   18. When was the first kidney transplant?
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   2. What is behaviorism?
   3. What were Sigmund Freud's contributions to the study of human psychology?
   4. What does the term "Jungian" mean?
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1. Middle Ages