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When was the first kidney transplant?

On December 23, 1954, Harvard University physicians performed the world's first successful kidney transplant. The patient survived for seven years with a kidney from his identical twin brother.

Further Information: "Joseph E. Murray." Encarta. [Online] Available http://encarta.msn.com/find/Concise. asp?ti=0B484000, November 6, 2000; When was the first successful kidney transplant? [Online] Available http://www.transweb.org/qa/asktw/answers/answers9701/96090403.html, November 6, 2000.

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1. Origins
   1. How did early humans cure illness and disease?
   2. Who was the first doctor in history?
   3. What is the Hippocratic Oath?
   4. What are the four humors?
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   6. Were there hospitals before the Middle Ages?
   7. When was the first North American hospital built?
   8. What advances were made in medicine during the Renaissance?
   9. How old is the concept of public health?
   10. What is Gray's Anatomy?
2. Modern Medicine
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   2. Who invented vaccination?
   3. When did modern surgery begin?
   4. When was anesthesia first used?
   5. What surgical advances were introduced in the late twentieth century?
   6. Who introduced the use of antiseptics in hospitals?
   7. What are Louis Pasteur's contributions to the study of disease?
   8. When were antibiotics invented?
   9. Why are new antibiotics constantly being developed?
   10. Why is Florence Nightingale famous?
   11. When was the International Red Cross founded?
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   13. Who was Clara Barton?
   14. What were the Curies' contributions to medicine?
   15. How did Jonas Salk and Albert B. Sabin save lives?
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   18. When was the first kidney transplant?
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   3. What were Sigmund Freud's contributions to the study of human psychology?
   4. What does the term "Jungian" mean?
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1. Middle Ages