The Almohad movement originated with the preaching of Ibn Tumart (died 1130 CE), a Berber religious reformer who was considered an Islamic messianic figure (al-Mahdi). Ibn Tumart found military support among his Masmuda tribesmen to fight Almoravid rule in the Maghreb (Morocco). One of his closest disciples (the so-called Ten) was ʿAbd al-Mu'min (ruled 1130–1163), a Berber of the Zanata tribe who after Ibn Tumart's death became the political leader of the movement and defeated the Almoravids, establishing a new dynasty (the Mu'minids) and adopting the caliphal title (khalifat Allah, vicar of God).

The name of the movement, al-muwahhidun (Almohads), means "the Unitarians," that is, those who proclaim the absolute unity of God (tawhid). The name had a polemical overtone, as the Almohads legitimized their bid for power by accusing the previous dynasty, the Almoravids, of having indulged in...