c. 1042
Chätillon-sur-Marne, Champagne, France

July 29, 1099
Rome, Italy

Pope

"The Turks and Arabs have attacked....They have killed and captured many, and have destroyed the churches and devastated the empire.... On this account I, or rather the Lord, beseech you...to destroy that vile race from the lands of our friends."

—Urban II, "Speech at Council of Clermont, 1095, according to Fulcher of Chartres"; quoted in the Internet Medieval Sourcebook, http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/urban2,hy>fulcher.html.

Urban II, a French pope (head of the Catholic Church), ruled at the end of the eleventh...