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al-Bīrūnī 973-1048?

(Full name Abu Rayhan Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Bīrūnī.) Islamic astronomer, historian, geographer, and mathematician.

1. Introduction
2. Introduciton
3. Crticism
   1. Syed Hasan Barani (lecture date 1952)
   2. Jan Z. Wilczynski (essay date 1959)
   3. S. Maqbul Ahmad (essay date 1973)
   4. Anton Heinen (lecture date 1973)
   5. Syed H. H. Nadvi (lecture date 1973)
   6. F. E. Peters (lecture date 1973)
   7. Obaidullah Qudsi (lecture date 1973)
   8. Bruce B. Lawrence (lecture date 1973)
   9. G. H. Youssefi (lecture date 1973)
   10. Ainslee T. Embree (lecture date 1974)
   11. Bruce B. Lawrence (essay date 1978)
   12. Seyyed Hossein Nasr (essay date 1993)
   13. S. Hasan Askari Kazmi (essay date 1995)
4. Further Reading
5. Copyright