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El Cid | Introduction

The Cantar de mio Cid (El Cid) recounts the heroic deeds of the Cid, an exiled member of the lower nobility who wins back his king's favor by battling the Islamic inhabitants of Spain. Based on the exploits of a historical personage, Rodrigo (Ruy) Díaz de Vivar, who lived from 1040-1099, this epic offers an important example of the interaction of history and literature in the Middle Ages.

The Cid is best known for its interweaving of irony, heroic drama, and a rare strain of realism that incorporates multifaceted portraits of Moors, Jews, and Christians. One of the oldest Spanish documents in existence, it is also the only Spanish epic to have survived almost intact. It is contained in a fourteenth-century manuscript, which bears the date 1207, most likely referring to an earlier version of the poem that was copied in the later book. Several accounts of the Cid's life, however, exist before this epic poem was written in manuscript form. Two Latin poems, one written before the Cid's death, and the other just after, chronicle his life. He is mentioned in Arabic sources, and his fame endured throughout the Middle Ages, in works of varying quality.

The Cantar de mio Cid has been well-received as a work of literature for several centuries. The French dramatist Pierre Corneille's famous version of the poem (Le Cid, 1637) demonstrates its lasting popularity in Europe. Printed editions of the poem have existed since the eighteenth century; a ground-breaking newer edition (1908) was published by the prominent Spanish medievalist Ramón Menéndez Pidal. Menéndez Pidal's influential work on the Cid ensured an international critical audience for this epic. A poem which treats basic themes such as national and religious identity, family honor, and personal prowess, the Cid has earned a lasting place in the ranks of great world literature.

El Cid Summary

The unique manuscript of the Cantar de mio Cid is missing its first folio (manuscript page), and so the poem begins by describing the Cid's reaction to the news of his banishment. From contemporary Latin histories and from a note later in the poem (laisse 9), we discover that the reason for the Cid's banishment is the accusation by King Alfonso VI that the Cid had embezzled money collected from the Moors for the king. This is the second time that Alfonso banished the Cid, and the missing folio might have described this event. The manuscript text itself begins by showing the Cid weeping when he leaves his home village, Vivar, and enters Burgos, a town to the south. He sees crows flying and interprets them as an omen of his ill fortune. The townspeople of Burgos watch him ride by with his ally, Minaya Alvar Fáñez. A nine-year-old girl is the only person who dares to address him, telling him that the townspeople have been forbidden by the king to offer aid to the Cid. After praying at the church of Saint Mary, the Cid leaves Burgos, and pitches his tent outside the city walls. The "worthy citizen of Burgos," Martín Antolínez, provides supplies for the party and joins the Cid. Together they plan how to get money to support themselves, deciding to take advantage of two Jewish moneylenders, Rachel and Vidas. Martín Antolínez returns to Burgos, finds the moneylenders, and gives them two beautifully-decorated chests filled with... » Complete El Cid Summary