The demand for computer and information systems professionals exists and continues to grow. The U.S. Commerce Department's Office of Technology Policy (1982) reported that between 1996 and 2006, U.S. businesses and schools will require more than 1.3 million new information technology workers to fill jobs. In the twenty-first century, 70 percent of all jobs will require skills in computer and network use.

The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (1998) reported that the fastest-growing computer career positions through the year 2006 will be computer engineer, systems analyst, computer repair technician, and programmer. There is also high demand for systems analysts, computer scientists, network administrators, and database managers.

Careers in computers and information processing, also called information technology (IT), require a unique combination of conceptual skills in creative problem solving and critical thinking, technical hands-on skills, and communications and interpersonal skills, as well as an understanding of business and industry needs.

Career opportunities in computer industries can be grouped into four areas:

• Companies that manufacture computer-related equipment (hardware)
• Companies that develop software
• Companies that hire information systems professionals to work with software and hardware products
• Companies and organizations that provide computer-related training and education

Many service companies exist to support each of these four areas—firms that sell computer supplies or provide consultation on analysis, design, programming, and networking projects.

CAREERS IN THE COMPUTER HARDWARE INDUSTRY

The computer equipment, or hardware, industry consists of manufacturers and distributors of computer systems and computer-related equipment such as monitors, printers, and communications equipment.

Computer equipment manufacturers are organizations with thousands of employees in many locations worldwide. IBM, for example, is one of the largest computer companies, with more than 200,000 employees and sales of more than $80 billion in 1998. Numerous start-up companies have taken advantage of rapid changes in equipment technology to create new products and new job opportunities in areas such as networking, multimedia, and fiber-optics.

In addition to the companies that make end user equipment, thousands of companies build components such as motherboards, input and output devices, and power supplies. Job titles that involve the design and manufacture of computer equipment include computer engineer, software engineer, and technical writer. A computer engineer designs, builds, tests, and evaluates computer chips, circuit boards, computer systems, and peripheral devices. Computer engineers need a B.S. in electrical or computer engineering. They must be very detailed-oriented and good at problem solving.

Software engineers develop system software such as operating systems, utilities, and software drivers. The minimum education required is a B.S. in computer science. Important capabilities include good analytical skills, an ability to work with abstract concepts, and attention to detail.

Technical writers produce technical publications, such as reference manuals, procedure manuals, and product documentation. The minimum education requirement is a B.S. in engineering, science, or a related discipline. Technical writers need good writing skills as well as knowledge of the products, processes, and procedures.

CAREERS IN THE COMPUTER SOFTWARE INDUSTRY

Companies in the computer software industry develop, manufacture, and support a wide range of software products, such as operating systems and other systems software, productivity software, network software, software development tools, and Internet software and technologies. Some companies specialize in a particular type of software product, such as business productivity software, utility programs, or multimedia and graphic design tools. Other firms produce and sell multiple software products.

The software industry had sales in 1998 exceeding $200 billion. The largest software company, Microsoft, has more than 300 products and technologies, more than 20,000 employees, and sales of more than $11 billion in 1998.

Careers in the software industry involve designing and programming all kinds of software products, such as application software for businesses, productivity software, educational programs, entertainment software, and systems software. Careers in the computer software industry include programmer, software engineer, software analyst, and technical writer. A programmer designs, writes, and tests computer programs. Educational requirements are a B.S. in computer science or computer information systems. Programming requires logical thinking and close attention to detail; it calls for patience, persistence, exacting analysis skills, and the ability to meet deadlines. Ingenuity and imagination are important skills because programmers design solutions and test their work for potential failures. Increasingly, interpersonal skills are important for programmers working in teams and interacting directly with users. Systems programmers who work with the software that controls the computer's operation must have capabilities in technical analysis and abstract concepts.

Systems analysts and software analysts conduct requirements analysis, design software solutions, and oversee the software development process. The minimum education requirement is a B.S. in computer science. Software analysts must have good communication and interpersonal skills, a mastery of the design and development process, and good project management skills.

CAREERS AS INFORMATION SYSTEMS PROFESSIONALS

In many organizations, the information systems (IS) department includes information systems professionals, who set up and manage the computer equipment and software to ensure that it produces information for decision-making. Four basic groups of information systems careers are in operations, systems development, technical services, and end-user computing.

Operations Jobs in operations include computer operator, communications specialist, and local area network (LAN) engineer. A computer operator monitors computer system performance, runs jobs, performs backups, and restores files and systems. A high school diploma is required.

A communications specialist installs, monitors, and evaluates data and/or voice communications equipment and software and is responsible for connections to the Internet and other wide area networks (WANs). The minimum educational requirement is a B.S. in information systems or electrical engineering technology.

A LAN engineer installs and maintains local area networks. An example of a LAN engineer is a Windows NT systems engineer. Network engineers are expected to have the capabilities and experience to take responsibility for entire projects and address issues such as network design, network management, security, scalability, and performance. For network engineers, experience as a senior network engineer plus solid skills in NT troubleshooting, problem solving, teamwork, and communications are essential.

Systems Development Systems development careers include systems analyst, application programmer, Webmaster, Web designer/site builder, Internet specialist, and technical writer. Systems analysts assess user requirements and design information systems solutions. They must think logically, have good communication skills, and like working with ideas and people. They often deal with a number of tasks and projects simultaneously. Although computer scientists and systems analysts may work independently, they often work in teams on large projects. They must communicate effectively with computer personnel, such as programmers and managers, as well as with other staff who have a limited technical computer background but are subject-matter experts in a business functional area. A B.S. in management information systems is required.

Application programmers convert the system design into the appropriate computer language, such as C, Java, or Cobol. The minimum educational requirement is an A.A.S. in information systems. The application programmer's skills are similar to those of the systems programmer. A Webmaster maintains an organization's Web site and creates or helps users create Web pages. The minimum educational requirement is an A.A.S. in information systems. A Web designer/site builder's minimum educational requirement is a B.S. in computer science of information systems. The skill set for both jobs includes abilities in Web-site development languages such as C, Java, and HTML. This job involves the automation of customer service and help desk functions, as well as ongoing maintenance and development. A strong understanding of the business is essential. Strong prioritizing and customer service skills are necessary. This career involves project work and consulting.

The Internet specialist's minimum education is a B.S. in information systems or electrical engineering technology. This position requires skills in senior-level networking, LANs and WANs, the Internet, security, e-commerce, Unix, Windows NT, and Novell applications. Effective communication skills are essential. This career requires an outgoing personality and the ability to work well with users.

Technical writers work with analysts, programmers, and users to create system documentation and user manuals. The minimum educational requirement is a B.S. in information systems.

Technical Services Three primary careers in technical services are database analyst, system programmer, and quality assurance specialist. Database analysts assist systems analysts and programmers in developing or modifying applications that use an organization's database. The minimum education is a B.S. in computer science or information systems.

A system programmer installs and maintains operating system software and provides technical support to the programmer's staff. The minimum educational requirement is a B.S. in computer science or information systems.

A quality assurance specialist reviews programs and documentation to ensure that they meet the organization's standards. The minimum educational requirement is a B.S. in computer science or information systems.

End-User Computing End-user computing positions include PC support specialists and help desk analysts. The PC support specialist installs and supports personal computer equipment and software. The minimum educational requirement is an A.A.S. in information systems. The help desk analyst provides user/customer telephone support for hardware, software, or telecommunications systems. The minimum educational requirement is an A.A.S. in information systems.

Executive Positions Executive positions in information services are senior-level positions in an organization, such as chief technology officer. The chief technology officer develops a strategic technology organizational plan and oversees the implementation of the plan and high-level IT policy issues. A chief technology officer must be able to provide creative solutions, have solid technology skills, and understand the business being supported. Excellent analytical skills and the ability to balance priorities while paying attention to the bottom line are crucial. A prerequisite for the position is a background as a technical strategist; both in-depth and broad-based knowledge and experience are important, as are excellent communications, interpersonal, and management skills.

CAREERS IN EDUCATION AND TRAINING

Extensive opportunities in computer-related education and training exist because of the increased sophistication and complexity of today's computer products and the rapid development and deployment of new products. Schools, colleges, universities, and private companies all need qualified instructors. The high demand for instructors, in fact, has led to a shortage of qualified instructors and trainers in universities and corporate environments.

CONTINUING EDUCATION

Rapid technological changes and the global marketplace continue to increase the need for ongoing continuing education to keep knowledge and skills current. Employers, hardware and software vendors, colleges and universities, and private training institutions offer continuing education opportunities. Additional training is provided by professional development seminars offered through professional organizations.

INDUSTRY CERTIFICATIONS

Industry certifications provide employers assurance of a standard level of competency, skill, or quality in a particular area. Many organizations offer technical certification programs for their products. Standard curricula, training programs, and examinations are used to determine if a person is qualified for certification. A certificate is proof of professional achievement, a level of competence accepted and valued by the industry. Certificates enhance employment portfolios and career opportunities. Many employers give preference in hiring to applicants with certification. In addition, certification can lead to promotions and help advance careers.