Nursing in Transition

Upgrading of Education.

In the 1970s the most important trend in nursing was autonomy. Nurses struggled to take on more decision-making responsibilities than they had in the past. The upgrading of nursing education symbolized this trend as nurses entered the profession with at least a college-level degree in nursing. The traditional hospital school, offering a two-year, posthigh-school training program and diploma, was being phased out. Many nurses additionally received a master's or doctorate degree.

A Profession in Turmoil.

America's 1.4 million nurses in 1979 made up the largest group of health care professionals in the country. But shortages on hospital nursing staffs and high turnover rates caused hospitals to close some of their floors. Low pay, long hours, and overwork led to strikes and slowdowns by nurses in many cities. Within the profession itself there was an identity problem. Traditionally, nurses...

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